Abstract Background Premilking udder preparation is essential for harvesting high-quality milk as gently. completely. and quickly as possible. The associations between characteristics such as teat-end shape and premilking stimulation on milking characteristics and machine milking-induced changes to the teat tissue condition have not been rigorously investigated. https://herbsdailyes.shop/product-category/medical-and-ambulatory-supplies-over-the-counter/