Functional Apis mellifera honey bee colonies rely on collaborative brood care typically performed by nurse bees with well-developed hypopharyngeal glands (HPGs). Neonicotinoids. widely used insecticides. have been shown to negatively affect HPG development when worker bees were exposed to field-realistic concentrations either as brood or adults. https://missouriquiltcoes.shop/product-category/tools-and-templates/